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TOPS (file server)
TOPS (''Transcendental OPerating System'') is a peer-to-peer LAN-based file sharing system best known in its Macintosh implementation, but also available for Windows and able to interoperate with Unix's NFS. Originally written by Centram Systems West, the company was purchased by Sun Microsystems as part of Sun's development of the NFS ecosystem.〔("Sun Microsystems Inc. / Centram Systems West, June 1, 1988" ), Venture Returns〕 Sales of TOPS dried up after the introduction of System 7, which featured a similar file sharing system built-in, and Sun spun off their NFS developments to Sitka.
==Early versions==
TOPS was implemented in the 1980s, an era where each computer system featured its own networking protocol and were generally unable to talk to each other. At the time Apple was in the midst of the Macintosh Office effort, and was working with two external companies to develop the Apple Filing Protocol (AFP), built on top of AppleTalk. The Macintosh Office effort ultimately failed, and one of the two companies, Centram, decided to implement a similar system on their own. This became the first version of TOPS.
When TOPS was originally released there was no peer-to-peer file sharing solution on the Mac. Apple's own solution, AppleShare, was not released until later, and unlike TOPS it required a dedicated server machine to run on, at least a Mac Plus. For smaller offices TOPS was an attractive low-cost solution, and saw relatively widespread use. Even after the introduction of AppleShare, TOPS managed to hold on to an estimated 600,000 client installs.〔John Battelle, ("TOPS works hard to hold networking lead" ), ''MacWEEK'', 3 October 1989〕
TOPS was initially a protocol using a custom set of remote procedure calls and able to talk only between TOPS clients.〔Tim Maroney, ("File Servers versus Disk Servers" ), ''MacTech'', Volume 3, Issue 4〕 PCs generally lacked networking of any sort, and Centram addressed this problem by introducing a line of LocalTalk cards for the PC, along with a TOPS client.〔("TOPS peer-to-peer file sharing" )〕 Files could be exchanged between the two computers, with filename conversion as required.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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